L'angolo dell'immunologo
Il diabete visto dall’intestino
ALBERTO TOMMASINI, ELENA NERI, PATRICIA PETAROS, ALESSANDRO LENHARDT, VALENTINA BALDAS, TANIA GERARDUZZI, ELISABETTA PANFILI, VALENTINA KIREN, TARCISIO NOT, EMANUELE BURATTI*, CARLA TORTUL**, GIULIANO TORRE, GIORGIO TONINI, ALESSANDRO VENTURA
Clinica Pediatrica, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste;
*Istituto di Medicina Clinica, Ospedale di Cattinara, Trieste;
**Servizio di Diabetologia, Ospedale Civile di Monfalcone
Aprile 2000 - pagg. 253 -258
Classificazione MeSH
Bibliografia
1. Maclaren N, Lan M, Coutant R, Schatz D,
Silverstein J, et al. Only multiple autoantibodies
to islet cells (ICA), insulin, GAD65, IA-2
and IA-2beta predict immune-mediated (Type
1) diabetes in relatives. J Autoimmun
1999;12:279-87.
2. Yamamoto AM, Deschamps I, Garchon HJ, Roussely H, Moreau N, et al. Young age and HLA markers enhance the risk of progression to type 1 diabetes in antibody-positive siblings of diabetic children. J Autoimmun 1998;11:643-50.
3. Reijonen H, Vahasalo P, Karjalainen J, Ilonen J, Akerblom HK, et al. HLA-DQB1 genotypes and islet cell antibodies in the identification of siblings at risk for insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM) in Finland. Childhood Diabetes in Finland (DiMe) Study Group. J Autoimmun 1994;7:675-86.
4. Krischer JP, Schatz D, Riley WJ, Spillar RP, Silverstein JH, et al. Insulin and islet cell autoantibodies as time-dependent covariates in the development of insulin-dependent diabetes: a prospective study in relatives. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;77:743-9.
5. Barnett AH, Eff C, Leslie RDG, Pyke DA. Diabetes in identical twins. A study of 200 pairs. Diabetologia 1981;20:87-93.
6. Kaprio J, Tuomilehto J, Koskenvuo M, et al. Concordance of Typer 1 (insulin-dependent) and Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in a population-based cohort of twins in Finland. Diabetologia 1992;35:1060-1067.
7. Bingley PJ, Gale EAM. Risning incidence of IDDM in Europe. Diabetes Care 1989;12:289-295.
8. Secular trends in the incidence of childhood IDDM in 10 countries. Diabetes Epidemiology Research International Group. Diabetes 1990;39:858-64.
9. Patterson CC, et al. EURODIAB ACE Study Group. Variation and trends in incidence of childhood diabetes in Europe. Lancet 2000;355:873-876.
10. Knip M, Akerblom HK. Environmental factors in the pathogenesis of type diabetes mellitus. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 1999; 107:S93-S100.
11. Scott FW, Elliott RB, Kolb H. Diet and autoimmunity: prospects of prevention of type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Nutr Metab 1989;2:61-73
12. Cavallo MG, Fava SD, Monetini L, et al. Cell mediated immune response to beta casein in recent-onset insulin-dependent diabetes: implication for diasease pathogenesis. Lancet 1996;348:926-928.
13. Saukkonen T, Virtanen SM, Karppinen M, et al. Significance of cow’s milk protein antibodies as risk factor for childhood IDDM: interactions with dietary cow’s milk intake and HLA-DQB1 genotype. Diabetologia 1998;41:72-78.
14. Saukkonen T, Savilahti E, Varaala O, et al. Children with newly diagnosed IDDM have increased livels of antibodies to bovine serum albumine but not to ovalbumin. Diabete Care 1994;17:970-976.
15. Scott FW. Cow milk and insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: is there a relationship? Am J Clin Nutr 1990;51:489-491.
16. Dahl-Jorgensen K, Joner G, Hanssen KF. Relationship between cow’s milk consumption and incidence of IDDM in childhood. Diabetes Care 1991;14:1081-1083.
17. Borch-Jonsen K, Joner G, Mandrup-Poulsen T, et al. Relation between breast-feeding and incidence rates of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. A hypothesis. Lancet 1984;2:1083-1086.
18. Virtanen SM, Räsänen L, Aro A, et al. The Childhood Diabetes in Finland Study Group. Early introduction of dairy products associated with increased risk for insulin-dependent diabets mellitus in Finnish children. Diabetes 1993;42:1786-1790.
19. Elliot RB, Martin JM,. Dietary protein:a trigger of insulin-dependent diabetes in the BB rat? Diabetologia 1984;26:297-299
20. Elliot RB, Reddy SN, Bibby NJ, Kida K. Dietary prevention of diabetes in the nonobese diabetc mouse. Diabetologia 1998; 31:62-64.
21. Paxson JA, Weber JG, Kulczycki A Jr. Cow’s milk free diet does not prevent diabetes in NOD mices. Diabetes 1997;46:1711- 1717.
22. Malkani S, Nompleggi D, Hansen JW, et al. Dietary cow’s milk does not alter the frequency of diabetes in the BB rat. Diabetes 1997;46:1133-1140.
23. Catassi C, Guerrieri A, Bartolotta E, et al. Antigliadin antibodies at onset of diabetes in children. Lancet 1987;2:158.
24. Klemetti P, Savilahti E, Ilonen J, et al. T cell reactivity to wheat gluten in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Scand J Immunol 1998;47:48-53.
25. Vaarala O, Klemetti P, Savilathi E, et al. Cellualar immune response to cow’s milk blactoclobulin in patients with newly diagnosed IDDM. Diabetes 1996;45;178-182.
26. Paronen J, Klemetti P, Kantele JM, et al. Glutamate decarboxylase-reactive peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with IDDM express gut-specific homing receptor a4b7- integrin. Diabetes 1997;46:583-8.
27. Carratù R, Secondulfo M, de Magistris L, et al. Altered intestinal permeability to mannitol in diabetes mellitus type 1. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1999;28:264-269.
28. Asplin CM, Cooney MK, Crossley JR, et al. Coxachie B4 infection and islet cell antibodies three years before overt diabetes. J Pediatr 1982;101:398-400.
29. Hiltunen M, Hyöty H, Knip M, et al. Islet celle antibody seroconversion in children is temporally associated with enterovirus infections. J Infect Dis 1997;175 :554-60.
30. Hiltunen M, Hyöty H, Karjalainen J, et al. Serological evaluation of the role of cytomegalovirus in the pathogenesis of IDDM : a prospective study. Diabetologia 1995;38:705- 10.
31. Kaufman DL, Erlander MG, Clare-Saltzer M, et al. Autoimmunity to two forms of glutamate decarboxylase in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest 1992;89:283-92
32. Scott FW, Gloutier EH, Kleemann R, et al. Potential mechanisms by which certain foods promote or inhibit the development of spontaneous diabetes in BB rats: dosage, timing, early effect on islet area, and swich in infiltrate from Th1 to Th2 cells. Diabetes 1997;46:589-598.
33. Carratù R, Secondulfo M, de Magistris L, Iafusco D, Urio A, et al. Altered intestinal permeability to mannitol in diabetes mellitus type I. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1999;28:264-9
34. Hoorfar J, Buschard K, Dagnes-Hansen F. Prophylactic nutritional modification of the incidence of diabetes in autoimmune non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Br J Nutr 1993;69:597-607.
35. Funda DP, Kaas A, Bock T, et al. Glutenfree diet prevents diabetes in NOD mice. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 1999;15:323-327.
36. Matsuzaki T, Nagata Y, Kado S, et al. Prevention of onset in an insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus model, NOD mice, by oral feeding of Lactobacilluss casei. APMIS 1997;105:643-649.
37. Ma SW, Zhao D, Yin ZQ, et al. Transgenic plants expressing autoantigens feed to mice to induce oral immune tolerance. Nat Med 1997;3:793-796.
38. Hänninen A, Salmi M, Simmel O, Jalkanen S. Mucosa associated (beta 7 integrin high) lymphocytes accumulated early in the pancreas of NOD mice and show aberrant recirculation behavior. Diabetes 1993;45:1173- 1180.
39. Mackay CR, Andrew DP, Briskin M, et al. Phenothpe and migration proprieties of three major subsets of tissue-homing T cells in sheeps. Eur J Immunol 1996;26:1892-1898.
40. Hänninen A, Jaakkola I, Jalkanen S. High prevalence of diabetogenic lymphocytes in gut-associated lymphoid tissue of young NOD mice. Scand J Immunol 1996;43:35.
41. Rott LS, Rosé JR, Bass D, et al. Expression of mucosal homing receptor alfa 4 beta 7 by circulating CD4 positive cells with memory for intestinal Rotavirus. J Clin Inv 1997;100:1204-1208.
42. Savilahti E, Ormääla T, Saukkonen T, et al. Jejumna of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus show signs of immune activation. Clin Exp Immunol 1999;116:70-77.
43. Troncone R, Greco L, Mayer M, Mazzarella G, Maiuri L, Congia M, Frau F, De Virgiliis S, Auricchio S In siblings of celiac children, rectal gluten challenge reveals gluten sensitization not restricted to celiac HLA. Gastroenterology 1996;111:318-24.
44. Tarn AC, Thomas JM, Dean BM, Ingram D, et al. Predicting insulin-dependent diabetes. Lancet 1988; 1:845-50.
45. McLaren N, Lan M, Coutant R, et al. Only multiple autoantibodies to islet cells (ICA), insulin, GAD65, IA-2 and IA-2beta predict immune- mediated (Type 1) diabetes in relatives. J Autoimmun 1999 ;12 :279-287.
46. Yamamoto AM, Deschamps I, Garchon HJ, et al. J Autoimmun 1998 Dec;11(6):643- 50.
47. Knip M. Prediction and prevention of type 1 diabetes. Acta Paediatr Suppl 1998;425: 54-62 48.Kulmala P, Savola K, Petersen JS, et al. Prediction of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in siblings of children with diabetes. J Clin Invest 1998;101:327-336.
49. Yang XD, Michie SA, Tisch R, et al. A predominant role of integrin alfa 4 in the spontaneousdevelopment of autoimmune diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:12 604-12 608.
50. Todd JA, Bell JI, Mc Devitt HO. HLA-DQ beta gene contributes to susceptibility and resistance to insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Nature 1987;329:599-604
51. Khalil I, D’Auriol L, Gobet M, et al. A combination of HLA-DQ beta Asp 57 negative and HLA-DQ alfa Arg 52 confers susceptibility to insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest 1990;85:1315-1319.
2. Yamamoto AM, Deschamps I, Garchon HJ, Roussely H, Moreau N, et al. Young age and HLA markers enhance the risk of progression to type 1 diabetes in antibody-positive siblings of diabetic children. J Autoimmun 1998;11:643-50.
3. Reijonen H, Vahasalo P, Karjalainen J, Ilonen J, Akerblom HK, et al. HLA-DQB1 genotypes and islet cell antibodies in the identification of siblings at risk for insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM) in Finland. Childhood Diabetes in Finland (DiMe) Study Group. J Autoimmun 1994;7:675-86.
4. Krischer JP, Schatz D, Riley WJ, Spillar RP, Silverstein JH, et al. Insulin and islet cell autoantibodies as time-dependent covariates in the development of insulin-dependent diabetes: a prospective study in relatives. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;77:743-9.
5. Barnett AH, Eff C, Leslie RDG, Pyke DA. Diabetes in identical twins. A study of 200 pairs. Diabetologia 1981;20:87-93.
6. Kaprio J, Tuomilehto J, Koskenvuo M, et al. Concordance of Typer 1 (insulin-dependent) and Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in a population-based cohort of twins in Finland. Diabetologia 1992;35:1060-1067.
7. Bingley PJ, Gale EAM. Risning incidence of IDDM in Europe. Diabetes Care 1989;12:289-295.
8. Secular trends in the incidence of childhood IDDM in 10 countries. Diabetes Epidemiology Research International Group. Diabetes 1990;39:858-64.
9. Patterson CC, et al. EURODIAB ACE Study Group. Variation and trends in incidence of childhood diabetes in Europe. Lancet 2000;355:873-876.
10. Knip M, Akerblom HK. Environmental factors in the pathogenesis of type diabetes mellitus. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 1999; 107:S93-S100.
11. Scott FW, Elliott RB, Kolb H. Diet and autoimmunity: prospects of prevention of type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Nutr Metab 1989;2:61-73
12. Cavallo MG, Fava SD, Monetini L, et al. Cell mediated immune response to beta casein in recent-onset insulin-dependent diabetes: implication for diasease pathogenesis. Lancet 1996;348:926-928.
13. Saukkonen T, Virtanen SM, Karppinen M, et al. Significance of cow’s milk protein antibodies as risk factor for childhood IDDM: interactions with dietary cow’s milk intake and HLA-DQB1 genotype. Diabetologia 1998;41:72-78.
14. Saukkonen T, Savilahti E, Varaala O, et al. Children with newly diagnosed IDDM have increased livels of antibodies to bovine serum albumine but not to ovalbumin. Diabete Care 1994;17:970-976.
15. Scott FW. Cow milk and insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: is there a relationship? Am J Clin Nutr 1990;51:489-491.
16. Dahl-Jorgensen K, Joner G, Hanssen KF. Relationship between cow’s milk consumption and incidence of IDDM in childhood. Diabetes Care 1991;14:1081-1083.
17. Borch-Jonsen K, Joner G, Mandrup-Poulsen T, et al. Relation between breast-feeding and incidence rates of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. A hypothesis. Lancet 1984;2:1083-1086.
18. Virtanen SM, Räsänen L, Aro A, et al. The Childhood Diabetes in Finland Study Group. Early introduction of dairy products associated with increased risk for insulin-dependent diabets mellitus in Finnish children. Diabetes 1993;42:1786-1790.
19. Elliot RB, Martin JM,. Dietary protein:a trigger of insulin-dependent diabetes in the BB rat? Diabetologia 1984;26:297-299
20. Elliot RB, Reddy SN, Bibby NJ, Kida K. Dietary prevention of diabetes in the nonobese diabetc mouse. Diabetologia 1998; 31:62-64.
21. Paxson JA, Weber JG, Kulczycki A Jr. Cow’s milk free diet does not prevent diabetes in NOD mices. Diabetes 1997;46:1711- 1717.
22. Malkani S, Nompleggi D, Hansen JW, et al. Dietary cow’s milk does not alter the frequency of diabetes in the BB rat. Diabetes 1997;46:1133-1140.
23. Catassi C, Guerrieri A, Bartolotta E, et al. Antigliadin antibodies at onset of diabetes in children. Lancet 1987;2:158.
24. Klemetti P, Savilahti E, Ilonen J, et al. T cell reactivity to wheat gluten in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Scand J Immunol 1998;47:48-53.
25. Vaarala O, Klemetti P, Savilathi E, et al. Cellualar immune response to cow’s milk blactoclobulin in patients with newly diagnosed IDDM. Diabetes 1996;45;178-182.
26. Paronen J, Klemetti P, Kantele JM, et al. Glutamate decarboxylase-reactive peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with IDDM express gut-specific homing receptor a4b7- integrin. Diabetes 1997;46:583-8.
27. Carratù R, Secondulfo M, de Magistris L, et al. Altered intestinal permeability to mannitol in diabetes mellitus type 1. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1999;28:264-269.
28. Asplin CM, Cooney MK, Crossley JR, et al. Coxachie B4 infection and islet cell antibodies three years before overt diabetes. J Pediatr 1982;101:398-400.
29. Hiltunen M, Hyöty H, Knip M, et al. Islet celle antibody seroconversion in children is temporally associated with enterovirus infections. J Infect Dis 1997;175 :554-60.
30. Hiltunen M, Hyöty H, Karjalainen J, et al. Serological evaluation of the role of cytomegalovirus in the pathogenesis of IDDM : a prospective study. Diabetologia 1995;38:705- 10.
31. Kaufman DL, Erlander MG, Clare-Saltzer M, et al. Autoimmunity to two forms of glutamate decarboxylase in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest 1992;89:283-92
32. Scott FW, Gloutier EH, Kleemann R, et al. Potential mechanisms by which certain foods promote or inhibit the development of spontaneous diabetes in BB rats: dosage, timing, early effect on islet area, and swich in infiltrate from Th1 to Th2 cells. Diabetes 1997;46:589-598.
33. Carratù R, Secondulfo M, de Magistris L, Iafusco D, Urio A, et al. Altered intestinal permeability to mannitol in diabetes mellitus type I. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1999;28:264-9
34. Hoorfar J, Buschard K, Dagnes-Hansen F. Prophylactic nutritional modification of the incidence of diabetes in autoimmune non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Br J Nutr 1993;69:597-607.
35. Funda DP, Kaas A, Bock T, et al. Glutenfree diet prevents diabetes in NOD mice. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 1999;15:323-327.
36. Matsuzaki T, Nagata Y, Kado S, et al. Prevention of onset in an insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus model, NOD mice, by oral feeding of Lactobacilluss casei. APMIS 1997;105:643-649.
37. Ma SW, Zhao D, Yin ZQ, et al. Transgenic plants expressing autoantigens feed to mice to induce oral immune tolerance. Nat Med 1997;3:793-796.
38. Hänninen A, Salmi M, Simmel O, Jalkanen S. Mucosa associated (beta 7 integrin high) lymphocytes accumulated early in the pancreas of NOD mice and show aberrant recirculation behavior. Diabetes 1993;45:1173- 1180.
39. Mackay CR, Andrew DP, Briskin M, et al. Phenothpe and migration proprieties of three major subsets of tissue-homing T cells in sheeps. Eur J Immunol 1996;26:1892-1898.
40. Hänninen A, Jaakkola I, Jalkanen S. High prevalence of diabetogenic lymphocytes in gut-associated lymphoid tissue of young NOD mice. Scand J Immunol 1996;43:35.
41. Rott LS, Rosé JR, Bass D, et al. Expression of mucosal homing receptor alfa 4 beta 7 by circulating CD4 positive cells with memory for intestinal Rotavirus. J Clin Inv 1997;100:1204-1208.
42. Savilahti E, Ormääla T, Saukkonen T, et al. Jejumna of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus show signs of immune activation. Clin Exp Immunol 1999;116:70-77.
43. Troncone R, Greco L, Mayer M, Mazzarella G, Maiuri L, Congia M, Frau F, De Virgiliis S, Auricchio S In siblings of celiac children, rectal gluten challenge reveals gluten sensitization not restricted to celiac HLA. Gastroenterology 1996;111:318-24.
44. Tarn AC, Thomas JM, Dean BM, Ingram D, et al. Predicting insulin-dependent diabetes. Lancet 1988; 1:845-50.
45. McLaren N, Lan M, Coutant R, et al. Only multiple autoantibodies to islet cells (ICA), insulin, GAD65, IA-2 and IA-2beta predict immune- mediated (Type 1) diabetes in relatives. J Autoimmun 1999 ;12 :279-287.
46. Yamamoto AM, Deschamps I, Garchon HJ, et al. J Autoimmun 1998 Dec;11(6):643- 50.
47. Knip M. Prediction and prevention of type 1 diabetes. Acta Paediatr Suppl 1998;425: 54-62 48.Kulmala P, Savola K, Petersen JS, et al. Prediction of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in siblings of children with diabetes. J Clin Invest 1998;101:327-336.
49. Yang XD, Michie SA, Tisch R, et al. A predominant role of integrin alfa 4 in the spontaneousdevelopment of autoimmune diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:12 604-12 608.
50. Todd JA, Bell JI, Mc Devitt HO. HLA-DQ beta gene contributes to susceptibility and resistance to insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Nature 1987;329:599-604
51. Khalil I, D’Auriol L, Gobet M, et al. A combination of HLA-DQ beta Asp 57 negative and HLA-DQ alfa Arg 52 confers susceptibility to insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest 1990;85:1315-1319.